Antibiotics

Cefpodoxime is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It targets gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, especially those responsible for otitis media and pharyngitis.

Cefprozil is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic targeting gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It shows some resistance to β-lactamase activity.

Cefradine (also known as cephradine) is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cephalexin. It targets both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In addition, cefradine has been used to study penicillin binding proteins, especially PBP3.

Cefsulodin is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic used as a selective agent in isolation media such as Yersinia Selective Agar, Columbia Blood Agar, Salmonella Chromogenic Agar, and CIN Agar. It is mildly effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but exhibits greater efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, cefsulodin is a substrate for the rat Oatp1a4 transporter.

Ceftazidime pentahydrate is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It has been used to study the penicillin binding proteins, especially PBP3. It has also been used as a selection tool for mutant colonies. Ceftazidime targets gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is less effective against gram-positive cocci. It is soluble in acidic and alkali solvents.

Cefteram pivoxil is a semi-synthetic third generation cephalosporin antibacterial that is a prodrug ester of cefteram. It has been seen to express greater bactericidal predominantly against gram-negative bacteria. Cefteram pivoxil has also induced IgE antibody immune responses during in vivo immunology studies.

Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic consisting of a four-membered β-lactam ring bound to a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring. This two-ring system causes distortion of the β-lactam amide bond, resulting in decreased resonance stabilization and increased reactivity. β-lactams inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links within bacterial cell walls by targeting penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs. Consequently, the bacterial cell wall becomes weak and cytolysis occurs. Cephalosporins are less susceptible to β-lactamases than the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Ceftibuten is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic targeting a broad-spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ceftibuten is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Ceftiofur sodium is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Although ceftiofur is resistant to β-lactamase degradation, there are several strains of E. coli known to be unaffected by this antibiotic. It is soluble in aqueous solution.

Ceftizoxime sodium is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is very soluble in aqueous solution.

Ceftriaxone free acid is a β-lactam cephalosporin compound known for its potent antibiotic activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. It also has been observed to cross the blood brain barrier and has been used for both antibiotic and investigative purposes for the central nervous system (CNS).

Ceftriaxone has also been used in vivo for suppressing addictive behavior in rats. Researchers had shown ceftriaxone to upregulate glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) expression, which diminishes glutamate concentration in synaptic clefts of the CNS. Ceftriaxone has been shown to effectively decrease glutamate levels which prevents hyper-stimulation of glutamic receptors and concurrently withdrawal symptoms.

Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which targets gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has been used in proteomics research and to study prophylactic strategies to treat hemolytic anemia caused by prescription medications. In addition, ceftriaxone has been used to study the penicillin binding proteins, especially PBP1. It has been suggested that it also increases EAA2 pump expression in the central nervous system and decreases glutamatergic toxicity. It is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Cefuroxime is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic targeting gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It exhibits some resistance to β-lactamase activity. Cefuroxime sodium is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Cephapirin benzathine is a benzathine salt form of a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cephapirin benzathine has a wide range of activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. It has also been used as an antifungal in animals infected with Candida albicans. Benzathine salt has been shown to prolong the duration of antibiotic activity in cephapirin benzathine.

Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic consisting of a four-membered β-lactam ring bound to a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring. This two-ring system causes distortion of the β-lactam amide bond, resulting in decreased resonance stabilization and increased reactivity. β-lactams inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links within bacterial cell walls by targeting penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs. Consequently, the bacterial cell wall becomes weak and cytolysis occurs. Cephalosporins are less susceptible to β-lactamases than the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Cetylpyridinium chloride is a cationic quaternary ammonium compound that has been used to eliminate oral pathogens. It has shown a high degree of efficacy towards gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and some pathogenic fungi.

Cetylpyridinium chloride functions as a surfactant, reducing the surface tension between pathogenic membranes and their environments. Greater interaction between the membrane and environment disrupts the cell membrane and osmoregulation. Compromising the membrane ultimately results in cell death.

Chloramphenicol, also known as chlornitromycin, is a broad-spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from Streptomyces venezuelae. It is effective against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and commonly used in researching protein synthesis and to select for chloramphenicol-resistant transformed cells or the bacterial CAT gene.

Chlorhexidine is a cationic polybisbiguanide used as a detergent as well as a bactericidal, anti-viral and antifungal agent. It has been used against an array of oral pathogens, with a high effectiveness toward gram-negative bacteria.

Chlorhexidine, when placed into physiological pH, dissociates into its cationic form and binds to the negatively charged bacterial wall. This binding will cause cytosolic leakage at low concentrations and lytic effects at high chlorohexidine concentrations. However, chlorhexidine activity can be halted upon interaction with anionic compounds.

Chlorhexidine diacetate salt is a diacetate derivative of a cationic polybisbiguanide that has bactericidal, anti-fungal and anti-viral activity. It has also been used for in vivo pharmacokinetic research to investigate drug release rates.

Chlorhexidine, when placed into physiological pH, dissociates into its cationic form and binds to the negatively charged bacterial wall. This binding will cause cytosolic leakage at low concentrations and lytic effects at high chlorohexidine concentrations. However, chlorhexidine activity can be halted upon interaction with anionic compounds.

Chlorhexidine HCl is the cationic salt form of chlorhexidine, a bactericidal detergent. Chlorhexidine HCl has strong bactericidal activity and is used for in vitro bactericidal assays as a positive control.

The compound functions as a bactericidal agent by interacting with the negatively charged bacterial cell wall. Contact of the cationic salt with the cell wall causes cytosolic leakage at low chlorohexidine HCl concentrations and cell lysis at higher concentrations. Duration of antibacterial effects has been shown to be enhanced by incorporating chlorhexidine HCl into human albumin microspheres. This lengthened antibacterial activity against Escheria coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Chlortetracycline, isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens, was the first tetracycline antibiotic discovered. It has shown the most efficacy against gram-positive organisms, but is also effective on a variety of gram-negative bacteria. Resistance to chlortetracycline arises from a loss of cell wall permeability.

Ciprofloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic targeting a broad-spectrum of bacteria and mycoplasma. It is nalidixic acid analog and has few known resistant strains. Ciprofloxacin is also effective as a plant fungicide and is sparingly soluble in water. GoldBio also offers a water soluble version, Ciprofloxacin HCl, for easier use in specific applications.