Antibiotics

Bactenecin is a twelve residue antimicrobial peptide that is recognized by its disulfide linked cyclical structure. It lyses gram-negative bacteria by increasing permeability through binding lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The bactenecin/LPS conjugate forms a β-hairpin structures which integrate with the bacterial membrane, forming pores. Cytosol contents leak with pore formation and lysis occurs with higher bactenecin concentrations

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Bakuchiol is a terpenophenolic compound extracted from the plant Psoralea corylifolia. Bakuchiol has been used as an oral antibiotic, anti-tumor agent and for the protection of liver and bone tissue. It has also been used as an insulin enhancer to counter hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia for in vivo research on mice and rats. Within these studies, bakuchiol inhibited phospho-tyrosine protein phosphatase type 1B (PTP1B), DNA polymerase and topoisomerase II. Inactivity of these three enzymes greatly reduced PTPB1 activity, which has been found to suppress insulin signaling.

Antibiotic and anti-tumor uses of bakuchiol have been shown to be correlated to suppression of DNA synthesis. As a bactericidal agent, bakuchiol has been proven to be robust in vitro and is functional at many pH values as well as in the presence of organic acids. Bakuchiol terminates bacteria and malignant cells by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), dismantling bacterial cells and compromising tumor cell mitochondria. Conversely, bakuchiol has also been shown to preserve liver function by inhibiting ROS that cause lipid peroxidation and the use of glutathione, an antioxidant.

The bone preserving effects of bakuchiol are related to its high binding affinity for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). It has been shown that bakuchiol stimulates ERα to promote bone protective pathways.The pathways controlled by ERα increase alkaline phosphatase, calcium concentration, estradiol concentration and a decrease in inorganic phosphate level.

Blasticidin S is an aminoacylnucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes. It shows high efficacy against both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Aside from its antimicrobial properties, blasticidin has displayed antiviral, antitumor, and antifungal properties and has been used as a selection agent. It has been used to select for cells containing the bls, bsr, or BSD resistance gene as well as HEK293-T cells and HEK-D5 cells. Additionally, blasticidin is effective in preventing cell culture contamination and studying protein synthesis.

Bleomycin A5 hydrochloride is a compound part of the glycopeptide antibiotic family. It is currently used in oncology research for its strong stimulatory and inhibitory effects. Bleomycin A5 greatly reduces telomerase activity, hindering the proliferation of malignant cells. It has also been shown to induce in vivo fibrosis and inflammation by generating peroxynitrites, a strong oxidizing agent.

Bleomycin A5 stimulates downstream apoptosis by increasing cysteine-aspartic acid protease-3 (caspase-3) activity, tumor protein 53 (p53) production and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) formation. These proteins induce apoptosis directly or indirectly by halting cell growth.

Bleomycin Sulfate is an anti-cancer agent isolated from Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycin is a mixture of bleomycin A2 and bleomycin B2, in an approximately 2:1 ratio, respectively. However, the ratio varies by lot number.

Bleomycin is used against Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Its mechanism is not well understood; however, it is though that bleomycin chelates metallic ions causing a decrease in enzyme stability. The enzymes react with oxygen and produce free radicals, ultimately causing single-stranded breaks in deoxyribose sugars of DNA.

Brefeldin A is an antibiotic derived from Penicillium brefeldianum. It is an anti-cancer agent which disrupts protein transport and causes apoptosis of tumor cells. Brefeldin A disrupts the function of the Golgi apparatus and blocks Golgi-COPI activity. ER vesicles are prevented from fusion with the Golgi and are secretion is inhibited. Additionally, Brefeldin A is an ARF inhibitor, sphingomyelin cycle activator, and caspase-3 activator. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells and colon cancer cells.

C-390 is an antibacterial agent which is used for selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species.

Capreomycin sulfate is a cyclic peptide antibiotic often classified with the aminoglycoside antibiotics. It is used as a second line antibiotic for studying multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Capreomycin is primarily used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Carbenicillin is a member of the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics. However, unlike most β-lactams, carbenicillin disodium is limited to primarily gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and common enteric species. It can be used in selection protocols and is often preferred over ampicillin due to its increased stability. This allows for less contamination of unwanted bacterial colonies. In addition, carbenicillin has been used to regulate bacterial growth in plants, yielding low regeneration frequencies. It can be used in genetic transformation applications to select for AmpR transformed cells.

GoldBio’s antibiotic solutions are provided ready to use.

The Carbenicillin (disodium) EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile carbenicillin (disodium) solution. The kit includes pre-weighed carbenicillin (disodium) powder, a sterile filter, and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H₂O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high quality GoldBio carbenicillin (disodium) and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media, or any number of uses.

Carbenicillin is a member of the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics. However, unlike most β-lactams, carbenicillin disodium is limited to primarily gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and common enteric species. It can be used in selection protocols and is often preferred over ampicillin due to its increased stability. This allows for less contamination of unwanted bacterial colonies. In addition, carbenicillin has been used to regulate bacterial growth in plants, yielding low regeneration frequencies. It can be used in genetic transformation applications to select for AmpR transformed cells.

Cecropin A is a 37 amino acid chain that functions as an antibacterial and anti-cancer peptide. It is characterized by two alpha helices and has been researched because of the low cytotoxicity produced. Cecropin A produces synergistic effects with some chemotherapeutic agents, enhancing cytotoxic activity.

Cecropin A has been shown to cause bacterial and cancerous cell death by insertion into the cellular membrane due to amphiphilic N-terminal residues. In low lipid to peptide membrane component ratios, cecropin A will form ion channels that will disrupt metabolic gradients and lead to cell death. With high membrane peptide concentrations, cecropin A was observed to aggregate membrane peptides and break the membrane into fragments.

Cecropin B is a 35 amino acid chain that functions as an antibacterial and anti-cancer peptide. It is characterized by two alpha helices and has been researched because of the low cytotoxicity produced. Cecropin B has been shown to produce in vivo cytotoxic effects against stomach carcinomas. It has also been used to synthesize derivatives with activity against other cancer cell lines.

Cecropin B has been shown to cause bacterial and cancerous cell death by insertion into the cellular membrane, which is due to amphiphilic N-terminal residues. In low lipid to peptide membrane component ratios, cecropin B will form ion channels that will disrupt metabolic gradients and lead to cell death. With high membrane peptide concentrations, cecropin B was observed to aggregate membrane peptides and break the membrane into fragments.

Cecropin P1, porcine is a 31 amino acid antibacterial protein that can be isolated from pigs. Cecropin P1 is used as an antibacterial, antifungal and anti-cancer compound. The wide ranging effects of cecropin P1 are properties of its amphipathic N-terminal, lipophilic C-terminal and alpha helical structure. With these structural characteristics, cecropin P1 can bind to the membranes of pathogens and cancerous cells. Cecropin P1 then is inserted into the membrane of the respective cell and disrupts lipid bilayer cohesion, causing rapid membrane degradation and cell lysis.

Cefaclor is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic isolated from the Acremonium fungus. It targets a wide variety of bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae and a variety of other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In addition, cefaclor has been useful in studying urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections and the mechanisms of renal transporters hOTA1, hPEPT1, and hPEPT2.

Cefadroxil is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a structure similar to that of cephalexin and cephradine. It targets a wide variety of bacterial species including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.

Cefamandole nafate is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is effective against a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has been used to study the expression and inhibition of the penicillin binding proteins, especially PBP 2A. Cefamandole nafate is freely soluble in aqueous solution and methanol.

Cefamandole sodium salt is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is effective against a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has been used to study the expression and inhibition of the penicillin binding proteins, especially PBP 2A. Cefamandole sodium salt is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Cefdinir is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic with resistance to many β-lactamase enzymes. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cefdinir has been used to study infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae as well as ftsl gene transfer in H. influenzae. It is an inhibitor of neutrophil myeloperoxidases and exhibits structural similarity to cefixime.

Cefditoren pivoxil is a β-lactam, cephalosporin antibiotic that has shown to be effective against an array of gram positive and negative bacteria. In vitro studies have exhibited cefditoren pixovil to have strong activity towards methicillin and penicillin-susceptible pathogens as well as penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic consisting of a four-membered β-lactam ring bound to a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring. This two-ring system causes distortion of the β-lactam amide bond, resulting in decreased resonance stabilization and increased reactivity. β-lactams inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links within bacterial cell walls by targeting penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs. Consequently, the bacterial cell wall becomes weak and cytolysis occurs. Cephalosporin compounds are less susceptible to β-lactamases than the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.