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Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule in vivo for energy storage and metabolism and is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP is a coenzyme in multiple reactions as well as a substrate for multiple kinases where it helps to propagate a signal either inside or outside of the cell.

The three phosphates in ATP can be correlated with ADP and AMP. ATP consists of three phosphate groups attached in series to the 5’carbon location, whereas ADP contains two phosphate groups attached to the 5’ position, and AMP contains only one phosphate group attached at the 5’ position.

Ampicillin sodium is a member of the extended-spectrum β-lactam family and similar in structure to penicillin. It is used in the selection of antibiotic cell hybrids and has a high rate of action against many gram-negative bacterial strains. Ampicillin sodium targets non-ESBL (Extended Spectrum β-lactamase) bacteria including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species and medically important enteric pathogens such as Shigella and Salmonella. It has been found to be effective against certain β-lactam sensitive VRE or vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species. Resistance to ampicillin is routinely utilized as a selectable marker to confirm successful cell transformation. Ampicillin Sodium is freely soluble in water.

BES is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was first selected and described by Good et al. It is a bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.4 – 7.8. It is soluble in water at 0°C up to 3.2M. Like most neutral, amine-based buffers, BES forms a complex with DNA. It interferes with reactions between DNA and restriction enzymes to a lesser extent than similar buffers with less substituted amine groups, such as Tris. This lack of interference occurs because steric hindrance of the protonated tertiary amine in BES shields the negative charge of DNA to a lesser extent than less substituted buffers. BES can be used in a buffered saline solution in the calcium phosphate mediated transfection of eukaryotic cells with plasmid DNA. BES also forms a complex with certain metals, including copper and cobalt. Though BES binds to coppers ions, it is still suitable for use with the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Diminished protein-induced color development can be accounted for or even eliminated by precipitating protein prior to reaction with bicinchoninic acid.

GoldBio BSA is a highly purified, lyophilized albumin, suitable for Westerns, enzyme systems, protein standards, hybridizations and as a protease-sensitive immunoassays. Reagent Grade, Fatty Acid Free BSA is ideally suited for fatty acid sensitive cell culture systems as well as for the most sensitive diagnostic and research applications.Our BSA is protease and certified TSE free, manufactured in the United States in a closed loop system from USDA-inspected, healthy animals located in the US.

GoldBio BSA is a highly purified, lyophilized albumin, suitable for Westerns, enzyme systems, protein standards, hybridizations and as a protease-sensitive immunoassays. It is also perfectly suitable as a nutrient in cell culture media, with low interference and backgrounds and is ideal for most standard molecular biology experiments. Our BSA is protease and certified TSE free, manufactured in the United States in a closed loop system from USDA-inspected, healthy animals located in the US.

Carbenicillin is a member of the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics. However, unlike most β-lactams, carbenicillin disodium is limited to primarily gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and common enteric species. It can be used in selection protocols and is often preferred over ampicillin due to its increased stability. This allows for less contamination of unwanted bacterial colonies. In addition, carbenicillin has been used to regulate bacterial growth in plants, yielding low regeneration frequencies. It can be used in genetic transformation applications to select for AmpR transformed cells.

G-418 sulfate, also known as geneticin, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic similar in structure to gentamicin B1. It is commonly used in plant and mammalian cell culture as a selectable marker. It can be used to select for cells transformed with an iNOS promoter construct or neomycin resistance gene.

G-418 functions by causing a chain of nonsense mutations during translation, ultimately resulting in inhibition of polypeptide synthesis and protein elongation. Resistance to G-418 is conferred through the nptll gene in plant cells and the neo gene in mammalian cells, which encode aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase. For gene selection applications, a kill curve can be made to determine the minimum effective G418 concentration to kill non-resistant cells. G418 disulfate is freely soluble in water.

HEPES is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, piperazinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.8 – 8.2. HEPES lacks the ability to form a significant complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions.

Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is commonly used to study protein synthesis. Aside from its efficacy against bacteria, fungi, and higher eukaryotic cells, hygromycin B is also an antiviral agent inhibiting translation upon selectively entering cells made permeable due to viral infection. It works as a standard selection antibiotic in gene experiments, especially for selection of hygromycin resistance gene transformed cells.

Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as Mycoplasma species. Kanamycin is commonly used to select for bacteria that have been transformed with a kanamycin-resistant gene and plant tissues that have the NPT II (APH3) gene incorporated in them. Kanamycin is very soluble in aqueous solution and is typically used in concentrations of 50-100 µg/ml.

MES sodium salt is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 5.5 – 6.7 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification in chromatography. MES lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. MES is often used in buffered culture media for bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. It is toxic towards plants at high concentrations, but can be used in culture media at lower concentrations for plants. Due to low ionic mobility, MES is regarded as an excellent buffer for use in capillary electrochromatography. MES is often employed as a substitute for the highly toxic cacodylate, as well as a substitute for the non-zwitterionic buffers citrate and malate. MES complexes with some organotin(IV) molecules that are being explored as antitumor agents.

MOPS is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.5 – 7.9 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification in chromatography. MOPS lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions.