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Adenine 9-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (ara-A) is a synthetically produced purine nucleoside that is used in cell signaling research. It has commonly been used in anti-viral research with hepadnaviridae and herpes simplex viruses. The nucleoside ara-A interferes with viral DNA synthesis, but only in its active phosphorylated form. Active ara-ATP inhibits synthesis by incorporating into viral DNA and preventing phosphodiester bridge formation.

The compound ara-A is a precursor of adenine 9-beta-D-arabinofuranoside 5’monophosphate (ara-AMP). In vivo rat experiments of ara-AMP have shown a higher solubility and affinity for some proteins, both of which facilitate ara-AMP movement. Isolated human hepatocytes have also been shown to specifically endocytose the albumin/ara-AMP conjugate.

Crystal violet is used in the classification of bacteria and is the active ingredient in Gram stain.

Nicotinamide is a metabolized amide form of vitamin B3. It is an anti-cancer agent and inhibitor of PARP-1, which is responsible for repairing DNA damage caused by chemotherapy. Nicotinamide is converted to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) for use in biological redox reactions. Additionally, nicotinamide is a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) substrate and anti-inflammatory agent.

Validamycin is a fungicidal, aminoglycoside antibiotic known to inhibit trehalases in plants, insects, and fungi as well as enhance trehalose accumulation in transgenic plants. It is effective against Pellicularia sasakii and Rhizoctonia solani in plants, but only decreases their virulence instead of exhibiting a fungicidal effect. In addition, validamycin is used to control sheath-blight disease in rice and is most effective against soil-borne pathogens. It is used to study trehalase activity and the synthesis of trehalose.

Valnemulin is a pleuromutilin antibiotic targeting Mycoplasma bacteria, especially those responsible for bovine respiratory infections. It is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Valnemulin's mechanism of action involves its inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria by binding the peptidyl transferase enzyme in the 50s ribosomal subunit.

Valproate sodium is a branched chain fatty acid with anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) through promotion of transcriptionally active chromatin. This inhibition may regulate the neuroprotective effects of valproic acid. The molecules: VEGF, BNDF andGNDF mediate the effects.

While its mechanism is not well understood, it is suggested that valproate sodium inhibits sodium ion channels.

The vancomycin hydrochloride EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile vancomycin hydrochloride solution. The kit includes pre-weighed vancomycin hydrochloride powder, a sterile filter, and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H₂O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high-quality GoldBio Vancomycin hydrochloride and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media, or any number of uses.

Vancomycin hydrochloride is a member of the glycopeptide antibiotic class derived from Streptomyces orientalis. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria and used in studies of antibiotic resistance bacteria and nanoparticle transport studies. Exhibiting low toxicity to plants, vancomycin is suitable for plant selection and prevention of bacterial contamination in plant cell culture applications.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. VEGF is expressed in vascularized tissues and plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF has been implicated in the induction of tumor metastasis, intra-ocular neovascular syndromes and angiogenesis. Three mouse cDNA clones (monomeric VEGF having 120, 164 or 188 amino acids) have been identified through alternative splicing. Two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Flt-1 and Flk-1 (the mouse homologue of human KDR) have been shown to bind VEGF with high affinity.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. VEGF is expressed in vascularized tissues and plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF has been implicated in the induction of tumor metastasis, intra-ocular neovascular syndromes and angiogenesis. Three mouse cDNA clones (monomeric VEGF having 120, 164 or 188 amino acids) have been identified through alternative splicing. Two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Flt-1 and Flk-1 (the mouse homologue of human KDR) have been shown to bind VEGF with high affinity.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potent growth factor and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. VEGF is expressed in vascularized tissues and plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF has been implicated in the induction of tumor metastasis, intra-ocular neovascular syndromes and angiogenesis. Two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Flt-1 and Flk-1 have been shown to bind VEGF with high affinity.

A unique combination of a number of proprietary plasmids digested with appropriate restriction enzymes and PCR products to yield 19 fragments, suitable for use as molecular weight standards for agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA includes fragments ranging from 100-10,000 base pairs. The 500, 1.5K and 3K bands have increased intensity to serve as reference points. The approximate mass of DNA in each band is provided (0.5 μg a load) for approximating the mass of DNA in comparably intense samples of similar size. The ladder is ready-to-use, and is premixed with loading buffer dye for direct loading on gel.

Vinblastine Sulfate is a plant alkaloid anti-mitotic agent and immunosuppressant. It interferes with microtubule assembly by depolymerizing microtubules and arresting the cell cycle. Vinblastine sulfate has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cell lines. It is also a Raf-1 activator and substrate of Pgp and CYP3A4.