Penicillins

6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) is the central component of penicillin β-lactam antibiotics which are generated by Penicillium. 6-APA forms from penicillin G after being catalyzed by penicillin acylases. This compound can be used to create semi-synthetic antibiotics that are effective against non-penicillinase forming bacterium, such as Streptococcus and some Staphylococcus.

6-APA is used as precursor for antibiotic compounds ampicillin and amoxicillin. Antibiotic synthesis of 6-APA can be augmented with a supersaturated solution of nucleophiles. Other methods for enhancing effectiveness involves diminishing ionic strength in a reaction mixture along with the addition of 2-butanol. Implementing a pH gradient starting at pH 7 and reducing the pH to 6.5 near reaction completion can greatly increase reaction output.

Amoxicillin is an extended-spectrum ß-lactam antibiotic with a structure similar to that of ampicillin. It is effective against a variety of ß-lactamase negative bacteria including E. coli and various Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. It is also effective against a variety of other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Amoxicillin sodium salt is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Amoxicillin is an extended-spectrum ß-lactam antibiotic with a structure similar to that of ampicillin. It is effective against a variety of ß-lactamase negative bacteria including E. coli and various Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. It is also effective against a variety of other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Amoxicillin/Clavulanate combines an extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic with a β-lactamase inhibitor. Amoxicillin is an extended-spectrum ß-lactam antibiotic with a structure similar to that of ampicillin. It is effective against a variety of ß-lactamase negative bacteria including E. coli and various Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria; however, when combined with clavulanic acid, ß-lactamase enzymes are irreversibly inactivated. Consequently, amoxicillin/clavulanate is effective against ß-lactamase-negative and ß-lactamase-positive bacteria.

Ampicillin sodium is a member of the extended-spectrum β-lactam family and similar in structure to penicillin. It is used in the selection of antibiotic cell hybrids and has a high rate of action against many gram-negative bacterial strains. Ampicillin sodium targets non-ESBL (Extended Spectrum β-lactamase) bacteria including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species and medically important enteric pathogens such as Shigella and Salmonella. It has been found to be effective against certain β-lactam sensitive VRE or vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species. Resistance to ampicillin is routinely utilized as a selectable marker to confirm successful cell transformation. Ampicillin Sodium is freely soluble in water.

GoldBio’s antibiotic solutions are provided ready to use.

The Ampicillin (Sodium) EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile ampicillin (sodium) solution. The kit includes pre-weighed ampicillin (sodium) powder, a sterile filter, and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H₂O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high quality GoldBio ampicillin (sodium) and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media, or other appropriate use.

Ampicillin sodium is a member of the extended-spectrum β-lactam family and similar in structure to penicillin. It is used in the selection of antibiotic cell hybrids and has a high rate of action against many gram-negative bacterial strains. Ampicillin sodium targets non-ESBL (Extended Spectrum β-lactamase) bacteria including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species and medically important enteric pathogens such as Shigella and Salmonella. It has been found to be effective against certain β-lactam sensitive VRE or vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species. Resistance to ampicillin is routinely utilized as a selectable marker to confirm successful cell transformation. Ampicillin Sodium is freely soluble in water.

Ampicillin is a member of the extended-spectrum β-lactam family and similar in structure to penicillin. It is used in the selection of antibiotic cell hybrids and has a high rate of action against many gram-negative bacterial strains. Ampicillin sodium targets non-ESBL (Extended Spectrum β-lactamase) bacteria including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species and medically important enteric pathogens such as Shigella and Salmonella. It has been found to be effective against certain β-lactam sensitive VRE or vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species. Resistance to ampicillin is routinely utilized as a selectable marker to confirm successful cell transformation.

Ampicillin is a member of the extended-spectrum β-lactam family and similar in structure to penicillin. It is used in the selection of antibiotic cell hybrids and has a high rate of action against many gram-negative bacterial strains. Ampicillin sodium targets non-ESBL (Extended Spectrum β-lactamase) bacteria including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species and medically important enteric pathogens such as Shigella and Salmonella. It has been found to be effective against certain β-lactam sensitive VRE or vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species. Resistance to ampicillin is routinely utilized as a selectable marker to confirm successful cell transformation. Ampicillin trihydrate is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in 1N HCl.

Ampicillin/sulbactam (2:1) is a broad-spectrum combination of a β-lactam antibiotic with a β-lactamase inhibitor. It is used for in vitro susceptibility tests in microbiology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies.

Ampicillin binds to the active site of penicillin binding proteins (PBP), preventing peptidoglycan cross-link formation of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition of PBPs weakens the bacterial cell wall and leads to cell lysis. Sulbactam irreversibly inhibits β-lactamase enzymes generated by bacteria, preserving ampicillin activity and enhancing potency.

Azlocillin is an extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic derived from ampicillin. It is useful against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, H. influenzae, and a variety of other gram-negative species. It has also been used to develop antibiotic counting techniques. Azlocillin sodium is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Carbenicillin is a member of the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics. However, unlike most β-lactams, carbenicillin disodium is limited to primarily gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and common enteric species. It can be used in selection protocols and is often preferred over ampicillin due to its increased stability. This allows for less contamination of unwanted bacterial colonies. In addition, carbenicillin has been used to regulate bacterial growth in plants, yielding low regeneration frequencies. It can be used in genetic transformation applications to select for AmpR transformed cells.

GoldBio’s antibiotic solutions are provided ready to use.

The Carbenicillin (disodium) EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile carbenicillin (disodium) solution. The kit includes pre-weighed carbenicillin (disodium) powder, a sterile filter, and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H₂O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high quality GoldBio carbenicillin (disodium) and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media, or any number of uses.

Carbenicillin is a member of the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics. However, unlike most β-lactams, carbenicillin disodium is limited to primarily gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and common enteric species. It can be used in selection protocols and is often preferred over ampicillin due to its increased stability. This allows for less contamination of unwanted bacterial colonies. In addition, carbenicillin has been used to regulate bacterial growth in plants, yielding low regeneration frequencies. It can be used in genetic transformation applications to select for AmpR transformed cells.

Cloxacillin sodium is a sodium salt formed from a chlorinated semisynthetic derivative of penicillin. It has been shown to exhibit significant bactericidal activity against penicillin G-resistant staphylococci.

Penicillins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic consisting of a four-membered β-lactam ring bound to a five-membered thiazolidine ring. This two-ring system causes distortion of the β-lactam amide bond, resulting in decreased resonance stabilization and increased reactivity. β-lactams inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links within bacterial cell walls by targeting penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs. Consequently, the bacterial cell wall becomes weak and cytolysis occurs. Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics occurs in the presence of cells containing plasmid encoded extended spectrum β-lactamases or ESBLs.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Flucloxacillin sodium is a narrow-spectrum penicillin antibiotic similar to cloxacillin. Resistant to β-lactamases, it targets gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus. It can causes cholestatic liver damage.

Methicillin is β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin family. It has a narrow-spectrum, primarily targeting gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. It is often used to study susceptibility and resistance of bacteria to antimicrobials, especially methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin is inactivated by gastric acid.

Mezlocillin sodium is an extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin family. It targets gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Penicillin G is a β-lactam antibiotic produced by the Penicillium fungus. It has shown efficacy against a variety of Streptococcus species as well as non-penicillinase producing Staphylococcus species. The potassium salt is useful in studying Staphylococcus murosomes and Streptococcus mutans. This product has been tested against both sensitive and resistant cells.

Penicillin G is a β-lactam antibiotic produced by the Penicillium fungus. It has shown efficacy against a variety of Streptococcus species as well as non-penicillinase producing Staphylococcus species.