Macrolides

Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic similar in structure to erythromycin. It is effective against various gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has also displayed efficacy against certain Mycoplasma species. Azithromycin also exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Azithromycin dihydrate is slightly soluble in aqueous solution.

Macrolide antibiotics are composed of a macrocyclic lactone ring attached to one or more deoxy sugars. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by irreversibly binding the P site of the 50s ribosome, preventing peptide bond formation and translocation.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is an acid-stable form of erythromycin. It is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Clarithromycin has been used to research cardiac transplant rejection and COPD inflammation markers. It is also an inhibitor and substrate for CYP3A4.

Dirithromycin is a lipid soluble prodrug derivative of the macrolide antibiotic 9S-erythromycyclamine. It has a sizeable antibiotic activity range, being effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. It is highly insoluble in acidic and alkaline conditions and will spontaneously hydrolyze into the active erythromycyclamine form.

Macrolide antibiotics are composed of a macrocyclic lactone ring attached to one or more deoxy sugars. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by irreversibly binding the P site of the 50s ribosome, preventing peptide bond formation and translocation.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces erythreus. It displays strong efficacy against gram-positive cocci and bacilli and some mycobacteria, mycoplasma, and spirochetes. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, erythromycin is a motilin receptor agonist that has been shown to inhibit respiratory glycoconjugate secretion in vitro. It has also been used to select for recombinant Lactococcus lactis MG1363 strains in microbiological applications.

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces erythreus. It displays strong efficacy against gram-positive cocci and bacilli and some mycobacteria, mycoplasma, and spirochetes. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, erythromycin is a motilin receptor agonist that has been shown to inhibit respiratory glycoconjugate secretion in vitro. Erythromycin estolate is freely soluble in organic solvents.

Erythromycin ethylsuccinate is a macrolide antibiotic with a target spectrum similar to that of penicillin. It has shown high efficacy against Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila. Additionally, it has been used to study erythromycin-resistance bacteria, down-regulation of motilin receptors, and mutations on the omsA and firA genes. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate is freely soluble in organic solvents.

Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It has been shown to display anticancer activity such as induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferation in tumor cell lines. Rapamycin is also an immunosuppressant and FRAP inhibitor and inhibits lymphokine-induced cell proliferation.

Roxithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and derivative of erythromycin. It targets both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and has shown strong efficacy against Legionella pneumophila and a variety of oral pathogens. Additionally, roxithromycin inhibits the activation of NADPH oxidase and promotes neutrophil apoptosis.

Spiramycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as some Toxoplasma parasites. Spiramycin is a mixture of spiramycin I, II, and III and has been used to study sepsis in mice.

Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic structurally similar to tylosin. It targets gram-negative bacteria, especially those responsible for bovine respiratory infections.

Tylosin tartrate is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces fradiae. It is a mixture of tylosin A, B, C, and D tartrates effective against gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma species. It has been used to study protein synthesis, abscess prevention in cattle, and Mycoplasma infections.