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Murine beta-defensin 3 (DEFB3) is an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to the innate and adaptive immune systems and is active against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Like the other β-defensins, DEFB3 is a small protein that contains a motif consisting of six cysteine residues which form three intramolecular disulfide bridges. It is expressed in epithelial tissue of many organs, including the skin and lungs, and in leukocytes. Expression of DEFB3 is induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1B and IFNG. Expression of murine DEFB3 was found to be downregulated in the epidermis by psychological stress due to decreased glucocorticoid production and subsequent decreased defensin-encapsulating lamellar body secretion. DEFB3 is a cationic peptide and interacts with the membranes of invading microbes, which are negatively charged due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LTA and LPS have higher affinity for DEFB3 than for Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions. The larger defensin molecule displaces the smaller ion, changing the membrane structure and affecting the stability of the membrane; this can lead to the formation of pores and subsequent depolarization or lysis. Inhibition of DEFB3 by high salt concentration may play a role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.

Rat beta-defensin 3 (DEFB3) is an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to the innate and adaptive immune systems and is active against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Like the other β-defensins, DEFB3 is a small protein that contains a motif consisting of six cysteine residues which form three intramolecular disulfide bridges. It is expressed in epithelial tissue of many organs, including the skin and lungs, and in leukocytes. Expression of DEFB3 is induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1B and IFNG. Expression of rat DEFB3 was also found to be induced in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by inflammatory diesel exhaust particles. DEFB3 is a cationic peptide that disrupts the membranes of invading microbes, which are negatively charged due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Inhibition of DEFB3 by high salt concentration may play a role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.

Rat beta-defensin 4 (DEFB4) is an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to the innate immune system and is active against gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It also contributes to the adaptive immune system through recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection through chemotaxis. Like the other β-defensins, DEFB4 is a small protein that contains a motif consisting of six cysteine residues which form three intramolecular disulfide bridges. It is expressed in epithelia of many organs, including the lung and skin, as well as in monocytes and macrophages. Expression is induced by proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL1B and IFNG. DEFB4 is a cationic peptide that disrupts the membranes of invading microbes, which are negatively charged due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). DEFB4 stimulates mast cells to induce Ca2+ mobilization, histamine release, and COX-1 mediated prostaglandin D2 release in a G-protein-dependent and phospholipase C-dependent manner. DEFB4 also stimulates cholinergic Ca2+-dependent epithelial Cl- secretion. Inhibition of DEFB4 by high salt concentration may play a role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.

Human beta-defensin 4A (DEFB4A) is an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to the innate immune system and is active against gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It also contributes to the adaptive immune system through recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection through chemotaxis. Like the other β-defensins, DEFB4A is a small protein that contains a motif consisting of six cysteine residues which form three intramolecular disulfide bridges. It is expressed in epithelia of many organs, including the lungs and skin, as well as in monocytes and macrophages. Expression is induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL1B and IFNG, and downregulated by the anti-inflammatory steroid dexamethasone. DEFB4A is a cationic peptide that disrupts the membranes of invading microbes, which are negatively charged due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). DEFB4A stimulates mast cells to induce Ca2+ mobilization, histamine release, and COX-1 mediated prostaglandin D2 release in a G-protein-dependent and phospholipase C-dependent manner. Inhibition of DEFB4A by high salt concentration may play a role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.

Dehydroascorbic acid or oxidized vitamin C has dietary and cosmetic applications. It is actively brought into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells through glucose transport and generates oxidative potential. Dehydroascorbic acid is the oxidized form of vitamin C.

Deoxycholic acid (typically abbreviated DOC) is a bile acid typically found in the intestine. Bile acids typically cause DNA damage and can lead to an increase in mutations. Deoxycholic acid can be covalently attached to glycol chitosan as a delivery system in nanotechnological applications. Many other applications, such as those to perform 1,4-addition of diethylzinc to acyclic enones, requires the binding of Deoxycholic acid to other molecules to create ligands that are conducive to addition of metals to certain enones.

In more general applications, Deoxycholic acid is used to increase the solubilization of cells. Deoxycholic acid is typically used as an ingredient in the creation of RIPA buffers, added in concentrations between 0.5% and 2.5%. These buffers are typically used to extract proteins from membranes and cytoplasm. This method of extraction contains the ionic detergent SDS and is useful for the disruption of nuclear membranes and their associated proteins. Proteins extracted via this initial procedure can be used in other analytical procedures like western blot or a BCA protein assay.

Deoxyribonucleic acid, sodium salt from Salmon Sperm is a nonspecific DNA blocking agent used to reduce background in nucleic acid hybridization. Additionally, it has been used to develop a method used to extract DNA from Cryptosporidium oocysts. It may be used as a substrate for the development of DNA detection methods.

Dequalinium chloride is a quinolinium ion composed of symmetrical quaternary quinolinium units, one 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group on each end of the molecule in place of a methyl hydrogen. It is a quaternary ammonium cation and forms an organic chloride salt. Its biological roles include antifungal agent and inhibitor of mitochondrial NADH ubiquione reductase. Medically, dequalinium chloride is the active ingredient of pharmaceuticals against bacterial infections and malaria; it has been applied as an antifungal, antinematadol and antiseptic drug.

Deferoxamine mesylate is the salt version of Deferoxamine, a bacterial siderophore produced by actinobacteria Streptomyces pilosus, with many medical applications. Since it chelates with iron and aluminum it is useful for removing excesses of both metals from the body. It has an anti-proliferative effect on vascular smooth muscles cells both in vitro and in vivo. Deferoxamine also induces apoptosis in many cells in less than a day, and can possibly be used as both an anti-cancer agent and an antimicrobial.

Dexamethasone is a fluorinated steroid and synthetic adrenal glucocorticoid which acts as an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent in pharmaceuticals. It is a corticosteroid hormone receptor agonist to annexin A and glucocorticoid receptors. In cell signaling activity, it regulates the survival, growth, and differentiation of T-cells.

Dexamethasone inhibits multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). As an antineoplastic agent, it negatively modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a molecule highly expressed in tumors. This substance is capable of interfering with NF-kB activation and apoptosis pathways. Dexamethasone can also increase antiemetic or anti-nausea effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and is given to chemotherapy patients to counteract such symptoms.

Medicinally, this chemical is classified with anti-inflammatories. It’s used to treat rheumatic diseases, autoimmune or immunological responses like allergies, asthma, swelling and allergic anaphylactic shock among others. It’s been incorporated into chemotherapy treatment for multiple myeloma. Endocrine and adrenal disorders are also treated with dexamethasone.

Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt is a system glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties. Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt is the pro-drug, which is converted to dexamethasone. It stimulates uptake of glutamine in the cerebral cortex and induces apoptosis. Additionally, it is an inhibitor of the sodium phosphate symporter and GR activator.

Dicamba is benzoic acid derivative that is used as an herbicide of broad-leaf plants. It has specifically been used for plant selection and studying herbicide resistance. Dicamba is a synthetic form of the hormone auxin, a plant growth hormone. By impersonating auxin, dicamba promotes unregulated cell growth which will exhaust a plants resources and ultimately result in cell death.

Diethyl acetamidomalonate is a reagent for chemical synthesis. When involved in a catalyzed reaction, diethyl acetamidomalonate can be used to create amino acids. In the presence of a palladium complex it can be alkylated to form alpha-amino acid complexes. With an indium (III) catalyzed reaction diethyl acetamidomalonate to terminal alkynes, allowing for beta-branched alpha-amino acids.

Dimethylcarbamazine citrate salt (DEC) is an antiparasitic piperazine derivative that has been used against Wuchereria bancrofti. It is a stable compound in salt form and has been used to research antimalarial resistances in W. bancrofti. DEC inhibits arachidonic acid synthesis, which is a key component for a protective sheath formed by pre-larval W. bancrofti called microfilaria.

Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) is a moisture sensitive product that will readily decompose to ethanol and carbon dioxide in aqueous solution. DEPC can inhibit ryanodine binding to the ryanodine/Ca2+ receptor channel in a dose-and time-dependent manner, or work as a nuclease inhibitor. DEPC is often used to treat water used in the handling of RNA to remove RNases and reduce the risk of the RNA being degraded.

Difloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic targeting gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, it has shown efficacy against Chlamydia trachomatis. Difloxacin has been used to study the effects of magnesium supplementation on quinolone-induced damage in animal models. Difloxacin HCl is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Dihydrostreptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic targeting gram-positive bacteria and Mycobacterium species. It is a derivative of streptomycin and commonly used to study aminoglycoside uptake. Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Dihydrotanshinone I is a compound extracted from the plant Salvie miltorrhiza Bunge. It is used as a gram positive antibacterial and anti-cancer compound. In both in vivo and in vitro research, dihydrotanshinone I generated reactive oxygen species which trigger apoptosis in bacteria and cancer cells.

Dihydrotanshinone I triggers apoptosis by directly damaging DNA and preventing further replication or by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK). This class of protein kinase engages apoptosis by activating caspases which are proteases that induce cell death. Dihydrotanshinone I has also been shown to inhibit cell growth past the G1 stage and prevent blood vessel formation by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) activity.

Dimethyl 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylate is a reagent used in chemical synthesis.