Biochemical Reagents

Molybdic acid is a compound used to help visualize molecules without damaging the samples via cryo-negative staining.

Molybdic Acid Sodium Salt Dihydrate, ACS Grade is a molybdate source useful in fertilizers. It is also an inhibitor of a variety of receptors and a stabilizer of progesterone and androgen receptors. Molybdic acid sodium salt has been shown to reversibly inhibit estrogen receptor activation.

Myo-Inositol is a vitamin added to promote growth in plant cell culture media. It can also be used to differentiate organisms based on metabolic properties. Myo-inositol is a component of membrane phospholipids.

N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine is an amino sugar and component of many O-linked and N-linked glycan structures. It is a derivative of galactose used to form the antigen for the A blood group. It is a required compound for intercellular communication in the nervous system.

N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc) is a specific substrate for the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid, the essential precursor of bacterial capsular polysialic acid (PA). N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine is used for the synthesis of sialic acid. It is also a synthetic intermediate for a number of carbohydrate-derived families of biologically active compounds and pharmaceutical candidates. It is studied for its effect on capsular polysialic acid production.

N-acetylneuraminic acid is an N-acyl derivative of neuraminic or acid amino sugar derivative, derived from N-acetylmannosamine and pyruvic acid. It is an important constituent of glycoproteins and glycolipids. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.

Nalidixic acid is a naphthyridone antibiotic that is similar in structure and mechanism to quinolones and is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It acts as a bacteriostatic in lower concentrations but can be bacteriocidal at higher concentrations. Nalidixic acid indirectly inhibits proteins synthesis by binding DNA and interfering with enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription.

Neutral red dye is a dark brown to dark green power used to stain nuclei red, in cell viability tests, and as a pH indicator (transition of pH indicator: pH 6.8-8.0, red to yellow). Additionally, it is used to prepare neutral red paper and as a histological stain for lysozymes.

Oxalacetic acid is an essential component of the Krebs cycle where it combines with acetyl-coenzyme A to yield citric acid. Thus, it is a necessary intermediate in the intercyclic pathway between the Embden-Meyerhof cycle and the Krebs cycle. The primary function of these cycles is for the production of energy, and the shunting out of these acids effectively slows the cycle down. Therefore, keto acids, such as pyruvate and oxalacetic, are frequently added to tissue culture media formulations to maintain maximum cell metabolism.

Palatinose, also called isomaltulose, is a dissacharide isomer of sucrose, and a commercially used sugar substitute. Similarly, it is fully digestible and provides the same caloric value as sucrose (approximately 4 cal/g). Palatinose is produced enzymatically from sucrose via bacteria expressing the isomerase isomaltulose synthase.

Palatinose is a low-glycemic and low-insulinemic saccharide. This occurs because the α-1, 6 glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose is hydrolyzed much slower than the α-1-β-2 bond in sucrose. The low-insulinemic attributes of Palatinose supports improved fat oxidation during physical activity as opposed to high insulin levels in sucrose adsorption, which can hinder the use of lipids as an energy source.

Phytic acid, dodecasodium salt is present in all eukaryotic cells and functions as a phosphate storage depot and precursor to inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates in plant species. It is also a chelator of divalent and trivalent cations and acts with nuclear pore protein Gle1 in yeast. Phytic acid is used to determine zinc bioavailability.

Piperonyl butoxide is an insecticide and synthetic inhibitor of cytochrome P450. It is synergistic to pyrethroids and rotenone.

PEG 3350 is a polyethylene glycol that has an average molecular weight of 3350 g/mol. PEG's are polymers that can be used to precipitate DNA, RNA, proteins and viruses.

Potassium iodide is an inorganic compound that has many biological and biochemical applications. Potassium iodide is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic situations. Potassium iodide is also used to isolate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), inhibit active oxygen and to quench fluorescent substances. Additionally, it is used as a chaotropic agent a (at high concentrations) to dissolve a gel matrix and can be used in DNA recovery from gel slides by gel dissolution.

Punicalin is an active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Additionally, it has been shown to have antioxidative and anti-hepatotoxic effects at small doses. At higher doses, its effect may become hepatotoxic.

Semicarbazide HCl is a reagent used to produce aldehyde and ketone derivatives. These derivatives are crystalline compounds with specific melting points. Semicarbazide HCl is a nitrofuran metabolite.

Sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate is a biochemical used in proteomics research.

Sodium glucuronate is a sugar derived carboxylic acid involved in glucuronidation, where glucuronic acid is bonded to a molecule, which allows for transport since glucuronate is highly water-soluble. This allows for the delivery of drugs or the removal of toxins from cells. It is used to increase cell toxin removal and to increase drug or hormone delivery to cells. and is one of the precursors to vitamin C.

Pyruvic acid is the simplest alpha-keto acid, and is considered to be key in several metabolic processes. Because pyruvate, which is the carboxylate ion of pyruvic acid, can be converted into carbohydrates, fatty acids or energy, it is a uniting intermediate compound and its fate depends on the organism and environment.

It is produced during glycolysis, and through the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), it supplies cells with energy. Two molecules of pyruvate are produced from one glucose molecule. Pyruvate is then converted into acetyl-coenzyme A used in the Krebs cycle.

In gluconeogenesis, pyruvic acid can be converted back into glucose or glycogen, and in environments with low oxygen, pyruvic acid is broken down anaerobically into lactic acid.

Clinically, the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio can assist in diagnosing mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders because the ratio is often, but not always elevated in these cases. There is also a lower ratio typically observed in inherited pyruvate metabolic disorders.