P_Products

Papain is a cysteine protease enzyme from papaya latex that has a wide variety of activities including endopeptidases, aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidases and enzymes with both exo- and endo-peptidase activity. In particular, papain cleaves immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules near the hinge region of the antibody, resulting in three similar, ~50 kDa, fragments; an Fc domain and two monovalent Fab domains. This papain-digested antibody is therefore unable to promote agglutination, precipitation, opsonization or lysis. The Fc fragment can then be used to determine the specificity of the Fc receptors without any typical antigen binging interference while the Fab fragments can be used in immunohistochemical studies.

Pepsin, one of the principal digestion enzymes, breaks down proteins in to smaller peptides. It is most efficient in cleaving the peptide bonds between hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. Pepsin readily cleaves immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, generating F(ab’)2 fragments and small Fc peptide fragments. The smaller Fc fragments can be easily removed via gel filtration while the F(ab’)2 fragments can then be purified from any remaining, undigested IgG. The F(ab’)2 fragments are highly useful for research interests, being able to penetrate tissue better than standard IgG antibodies and facilitate better antigen recognition while avoiding unspecific binding to Fc receptors.

Immobilized Pepsin Agarose Resin is an efficient method for producing F(ab’)2 fragments from IgG molecules for antibody mimetic. Undigested IgG can be quickly removed with our Protein A Agarose Resin (GoldBio Catalog # P-400). Fc fragments can also be removed using a gel filtration system.

Resin: 6% Cross-linked Agarose

Shipping/Handling: Shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store at 4°C, do NOT freeze.

Pepstatin A is a competitive, reversible aspartic protease inhibitor which inhibits proteases such as pepsin, chymosin, renin, HIV proteases, and cathepsins D and E. Peptstatin A is highly selective and is often used in a mixture with other enzyme inhibitors. In vitro studies have shown pepstatin A is the only aspartic acid inhibitor that exhibits inhibitory effects on HIV proteases.

Paclitaxel is an anti-cancer taxane drug. It stabilizes microtubules arresting the cell cycle. This induces apoptosis through a JNK-dependent and JNK-independent pathway. It is used as a component of dechlorination buffer and as an internal standard for chromatographic docetaxel studies.

Palatinose, also called isomaltulose, is a dissacharide isomer of sucrose, and a commercially used sugar substitute. Similarly, it is fully digestible and provides the same caloric value as sucrose (approximately 4 cal/g). Palatinose is produced enzymatically from sucrose via bacteria expressing the isomerase isomaltulose synthase.

Palatinose is a low-glycemic and low-insulinemic saccharide. This occurs because the α-1, 6 glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose is hydrolyzed much slower than the α-1-β-2 bond in sucrose. The low-insulinemic attributes of Palatinose supports improved fat oxidation during physical activity as opposed to high insulin levels in sucrose adsorption, which can hinder the use of lipids as an energy source.

Paromomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces rimosus. It targets a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as several protozoan species. It displays activity similar to that of neomycin. Paromomycin sulfate is freely soluble.

PBS (phosphate buffered saline) is a common buffer solution used in the laboratory. It is an isotonic and non-toxic buffer that is meant to mimic the osmolarity and ion concentrations of the human body. PBS is used for immunoassays, for sample dilution, for protein purification, and as a wash buffer in cell cultures. PBS tablets are premeasured tablets for convenient preparation of 1X PBS solution at a pH of 7.3 – 7.5. PBS buffer contains 10mM phosphate buffer, 137mM sodium chloride, and 2.7mM potassium chloride.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a glycoprotein present in serum but absent from plasma. PDGF has three subforms: PDGFAA, PDGFBB, and PDGF-AB. This form is a disulfide-linked homodimer consisting of two peptide chains A (PDGFAA). It is involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, embryonic neuron development, chemotaxis, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. The function of PDGF is mediated by two tyrosine kinase receptors, PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β. PDGFR-α is the receptor that binds PDGFAA.

Sterile Filtered White lyophilized powder. Purified and tested for use in cell culture.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a glycoprotein present in serum but absent from plasma. PDGF has three subforms: PDGFAA, PDGFBB, and PDGF-AB. This form is a disulfide-linked homodimer consisting of two peptide chains B (PDGFBB). It is involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, embryonic neuron development, chemotaxis, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. In contrast to PDGFAA, the beta chains in PDGFBB are sufficient for mitogenesis. The function of PDGF is mediated by two tyrosine kinase receptors, PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β, both of which bind PDGFBB.

Perfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is an analog of norfloxacin. It targets gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as several Mycoplasma species. It is commonly used against Gonococcal species and to induce achilles tendon toxicity in rodents.

Penicillin G is a β-lactam antibiotic produced by the Penicillium fungus. It has shown efficacy against a variety of Streptococcus species as well as non-penicillinase producing Staphylococcus species. The potassium salt is useful in studying Staphylococcus murosomes and Streptococcus mutans. This product has been tested against both sensitive and resistant cells.

Penicillin G is a β-lactam antibiotic produced by the Penicillium fungus. It has shown efficacy against a variety of Streptococcus species as well as non-penicillinase producing Staphylococcus species.

Pepstatin A is a competitive, reversible aspartic protease inhibitor and inhibits proteases such as pepsin, chyomsin, renin, HIV proteases, and cathepsins D and E. Peptstatin A is highly selective and is often used in a mixture with other enzyme inhibitors. In vitro studies have shown pepstatin A is the only aspartic acid inhibitor that exhibits inhibitory effects on HIV proteases.

Pepstatin A is effective at inhibiting most affected proteases at a concentration of 1μM, but can inhibit pepsin at the picomolar range of concentrations. It is believed to function by way of a collected-substrate inhibition mechanism. Pepstatin A may also suppress differentiation of osteoclasts by inhibiting phosphorylation of MAP kinase and inhibiting NFATc1 expression.

Perylene is a polycyclic hydrocarbon. When used as a dye perylene displays a blue fluorescence, making it useful as a lipid probe in cytochemistry. It is also used in peroxyoxalate luminescence and has the strongest chemiluminescent response out of the fluorophores used. Perylene also forms the basis for the synthesis of several other dyes such as vat red 29.

Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) is a non-ELR type of CXC chemokine. PF4 is expressed primarily in megakaryocytes and platelets, but it is also seen in a variety of other cells as well. It is released from alpha granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation and binds to heparin with high affinity, neutralizing the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Because of this coagulation-promoting activity, it is concluded that PF4 is involved in inflammation and would healing. PF4 binds to the integral membrane protein receptor CXCR3B, an alternatively spliced isoform of CXCR3. It participates in chemotaxis of neutrophils, fibroblasts, and monocytes.

Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) is a non-ELR type of CXC chemokine. PF4 is expressed primarily in megakaryocytes and platelets, but it is also seen in a variety of other cells as well. It is released from alpha granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation and binds to heparin with high affinity, neutralizing the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Knock-out mice exhibit increased platelets counts and reduced thrombus formation following vascular injury. PF4 binds to the integral membrane protein receptor CXCR3B, an alternatively spliced isoform of CXCR3. PF4 participates in chemotaxis of neutrophils, fibroblasts, and monocytes.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!