Culture Media Additives

2-Deoxy-D-galactose is a deoxy hexose that inhibits synthesis of glycoproteins in Influenza virus, such as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, by blocking glycosylation. 2-Deoxy-D-galactose also inhibits the glycosylation of mammalian proteins involved in neurotransmitter release and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. It has been used for isolating galactose permease mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and in the inhibition of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has also been used to isolate and elucidate the activity of a system for galactose uptake into E. coli.

2-keto-D-gluconic acid is found in the carrageenan polysaccharide of Irish moss and can be used as a stabilizer in the storage of biological materials. 2-keto-D-gluconic acid exhibits antimicrobial properties against species of Pseudomonas that cause plant disease. Genes for metabolism of 2-keto-d-gluconic acid are controlled by the UxuR regulon in E. coli. 2-keto-D-gluconic acid is converted to D-mannonate by the enzyme fructuronate reductase (EC 1.1.1.57). 2-keto-D-gluconic acid hemicalcium salt can be used to make D-erythorbic acid using an α-amylase enzyme. It can also be used to prepare D-ribulose and D-arabinose by heating in pyridine with a nickel acetate catalyst.

Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside (comprising a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule) and neurotransmitter that can act as the preferred agonist at adenosine A receptor subtypes. The function of adenosine is primarily for cytoprotection and for preventing tissue damage in response to stress or injury.

Adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) plays an important role in cellular metabolic processes as it is a precursor to adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP).

The phosphate in AMP can be correlated with ATP and ADP. AMP contains only one phosphate group attached at the 5’ position, whereas ATP consists of three phosphate groups attached in series to the 5’carbon location, and ADP contains two phosphate groups attached to the 5’ position. AMP can also have an activating effect on a class of protein kinases known as AMP-activated protein kinases, or AMPKs.

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule in vivo for energy storage and metabolism and is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP is a coenzyme in multiple reactions as well as a substrate for multiple kinases where it helps to propagate a signal either inside or outside of the cell.

The three phosphates in ATP can be correlated with ADP and AMP. ATP consists of three phosphate groups attached in series to the 5’carbon location, whereas ADP contains two phosphate groups attached to the 5’ position, and AMP contains only one phosphate group attached at the 5’ position.

Adonitol, also known as ribitol, is the reduced alcohol form of ribose. Adonitol is found in plants of the genus Adonis, from which the molecule takes its name. It is a component of teichoic acids found in the cell walls of Gram positive bacteria. Adonitol is also a moiety present in riboflavin (vitamin B2). Adonitol is commonly used in media for cryopreservation and lyophilization of cells. It is metabolized by some microbes, but not others so an adonitol fermentation test can be used to help identify an unknown microbial organism.

GoldBio BSA is a highly purified, lyophilized albumin, suitable for Westerns, enzyme systems, protein standards, hybridizations and as a protease-sensitive immunoassays. Reagent Grade, Fatty Acid Free BSA is ideally suited for fatty acid sensitive cell culture systems as well as for the most sensitive diagnostic and research applications.Our BSA is protease and certified TSE free, manufactured in the United States in a closed loop system from USDA-inspected, healthy animals located in the US.

GoldBio Caprylate Stabilized BSA is a highly purified, lyophilized albumin, suitable for Westerns, enzyme systems, protein standards, hybridizations and as a protease-sensitive immunoassays. It is also perfectly suitable as a nutrient in cell culture media, with low interference and backgrounds and is ideal for most standard molecular biology experiments. Our Caprylate Stabilized BSA is protease and certified TSE free, manufactured in the United States in a closed loop system from USDA-inspected, healthy animals located in the US.

C-390 is an antibacterial agent which is used for selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species.

Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic natural product isolated from the leaves and fruits of dicotyledonous plants, including the coffee bean. Chlorogenic acid is an important factor in plant metabolism. It is also an antioxidant and an inhibitor of the tumor promoting activity of phorbol esters. It has wide anti-virus and anti-bacterial effects. It can be used to differentiate bacteria based on the ability to hydrolyze chlorogenic acid.

Choline chloride is an essential nutrient commonly found in eggs, chicken and a number of other foods. Choline chloride is soluble in aqueous solution at 3.7 mg/ml

Choline serves as a precursor component to two major cell membrane components: phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. In addition, choline also functions as a methyl group donor to several different substrates. Because of its role in normal cellular processes, choline chloride can be used as a cell culture media supplement.

Cytochrome C is a hemoprotein that is found in animal cells in the mitochondrial protein-lipid complex. Cytochrome C is extracted from porcine heart, and further purified by chromatographic method to remove contaminating proteases.

Cytochrome C is an important component in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria. Cytochrome C also plays a role in cellular oxidation and respiration.

This protein has a role in apoptosis pathways, as it is released from the mitochondria to indicate that the apoptosis process has begun.

D-Arabitol is the reduced alcohol form of D-arabinose. It is produced by some fungus from enzymatic dephosphorylation and reduction of D-ribulose-5-phosphate. D-arabitol is metabolized by a variety of different bacteria utilizing an arabitol dehydrogenase enzyme. The arabitol dehydrogenase gene has been introduced into plants to serve as a positive selection marker for transgenic cells.

Biotin can be used in cell culture media for its involvement in a number of cellular processes including gluconeogenesis, synthesis of fatty acids, and amino acids isoleucine and valine.

D-Biotin, also known as vitamin H or coenzyme R is a water-soluble member of the B vitamins (B7).

D-Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar that serves as an energy source and glycosylation component. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose and often used as a source of carbon in culture media. Galactose is a component of the disaccharide lactose and released upon hydrolysis by β-galactosidase enzymes. It is converted to glucose via the Leloir pathway or metabolized via an alternative pathway, such as the DeLey-Doudoroff pathway.

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is a very polar organic compound that is useful in organic chemistry for solubilizing organic and inorganic compounds. DMSO is also used as a cryoprotectant for cell media, preventing the formation of ice crystals, which would otherwise damage cells. DMSO can be used in PCR reactions to inhibit the self-complementation of DNA or PCR primers and increase amplification, especially for DNA sequences, which have GC rich sequences.

Epibrassinolide is a plant steroid hormone of the brassinosteroid family. Its functions include protection from environmental stressors and altering the metabolism under a variety of conditions. Epibrassinolide has been shown to decrease toxicity and stimulate healthy plant growth in plants under stress.

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces erythreus. It displays strong efficacy against gram-positive cocci and bacilli and some mycobacteria, mycoplasma, and spirochetes. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, erythromycin is a motilin receptor agonist that has been shown to inhibit respiratory glycoconjugate secretion in vitro. It has also been used to select for recombinant Lactococcus lactis MG1363 strains in microbiological applications.

Idebenone is a synthetic analog of ubiquinone (CoQ10). It scavenges free radicals and acts as an antioxidant. Idebenone differs from ubiquinone by having a shorter, less lipophilic tail and thus can function in multiple cellular environments. In contrast to ubiquinone, idebenone acts as a competitive inhibitor of complex I in the electron transport chain and is capable of facilitating cellular respiration that is independent of a functioning complex I. It can accept electrons from the glycerophosphate shuttle, NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, and complex II of the electron transport chain. Idebenone was originally developed to treat cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, but was not found to be effective so other uses are being explored.

L-Arabinose is an arabinose isomer widely found in nature, while D-arabinose is less common. L-Arabinose is a constituent of many biopolymers that make up plant cell walls.

This monosaccharide is often used in cell culture media, serving as a bacterial carbon source, and can be used to distinguish between bacteria based on their fermentation abilities.

L-Arabinose, in the absence of glucose, induces transcription of the ara operon in E. coli that encodes L-arabinose catabolizing enzymes. It does this by binding to the AraC protein and activating the P_BAD promoter. The P_BAD promoter is used in plasmid vectors as a switch for protein expression that can be turned on by L-arabinose or turned off by addition of glucose.