Chemokines

CCl4 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed and secreted by T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and various tumor cells lines. Expression of CCL4 is induced by IL2 and mitogens, such as phytohemmagglutinin, LPS, and the peptidoglycan of S. aureus and expression is inhibited by glucocorticoids, TGF-beta, and cyclosporin A. CCL4 is an HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T-cells. It also binds to HSV-1 virions and generates pores in the envelope of HSV-1. CCL4 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, and ACKR2 (D6).

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Murine CCl4 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed and secreted by T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and various tumor cells lines. Expression of CCL4 is induced by IL2 and mitogens, such as phytohemmagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide, and the peptidoglycan wall of S. aureus and expression is inhibited by glucocorticoids, TGF-beta, and cyclosporin A. CCL4 is an HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T-cells. It also binds to HSV-1 virions and generates pores in the envelope of HSV-1. CCL4 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, and ACKR2 (D6). Murine CCL4 is active on both human and murine hematopoietic cells.

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Rat CCL4 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed and secreted by T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and various tumor cells lines. Expression of CCL4 is induced by IL2 and mitogens, such as phytohemmagglutinin, LPS, and the peptidoglycan wall of S. aureus and expression is inhibited by glucocorticoids, TGF-beta, and cyclosporin A. CCL4 is an HIV-suppressive factor and may contribute to amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease. It also binds to HSV-1 virions and generates pores in the envelope of HSV-1. CCL4 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, and ACKR2 (D6).

Recombinant Human Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 4-Like 1 (CCL4L1)
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1, Beta (MIP1B, MIP1B1)
Small Inducible Cytokine Subfamily A Member 4-Like (SCYA4L)
Lymphocyte Activation 1 (LAG1, LAG-1)

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CCL5 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed and secreted by T lymphocytes. Expression of CCL5 is induced by TNF-alpha and IL1-alpha and inhibited by stimulation of T lymphocytes. CCL5 is chemotactic for T lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils and plays a role in recruiting these cells to inflammatory sites. It also induces proliferation and activation of CHAK cells and is an HIV-suppressive factor. CCL5 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, and the viroreceptor M3.

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Murine CCL5 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, the first two of which are adjacent. It is expressed and secreted by T lymphocytes. Expression of CCL5 is induced by TNF-alpha and IL1-alpha and inhibited by stimulation of T lymphocytes. CCL5 is chemotactic for T lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes and plays a role in recruiting these cells to inflammatory sites. It also induces proliferation and activation of CHAK cells and is an HSV and HIV-suppressive factor. CCL5 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, and the viroreceptor M3. Murine CCL5 is chemotactic for both murine and human leukocytes in a dose-dependent fashion.

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Murine CCL6 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, two of which are adjacent. It is expressed primarily in microglia and other macrophages, as well as myelopoietic bone marrow cells. Upregulation of expression of CCL6 has been observed after stimulation with IFNG, CSF1, CSF2, IL3, and IL4. CCL6 expression is also stimulated by IL-13 and is required for IL-13 stimulation of other chemokines. CCL6 is chemotactic for macrophages and lymphocytes and acts as a ligand primarily for CCR1. CCL6 has only been observed in rodents thus far; murine CCL6 is most homologous to human CCL23.

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Rat CCL6 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, two of which are adjacent. It is expressed primarily in microglia and other macrophages, as well as myelopoietic bone marrow cells. Upregulation of expression of CCL6 has been observed after stimulation with IFNG, CSF1, CSF2, IL3, and IL4. CCL6 expression is also stimulated by IL-13 and is required for IL-13 stimulation of other chemokines. CCL6 is chemotactic for macrophages and lymphocytes and acts as a ligand primarily for CCR1. CCL6 has only been observed in rodents thus far; rat CCL6 is most homologous to human CCL14, CCL15, and CCL23.

CCL7 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed and secreted by T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and a variety of tumor cell lines. Expression is induced by IFNG and inhibited by IL13. It is chemotactic for monocytes, eosinophils, and NK cells and regulates protease secretion by macrophages which may contribute to metastasis of cancer cells. CCL7 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR10, and ACKR2 (D6).

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Murine CCL7 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It was first isolated from murine mast cells stimulated by IgE interacting with an antigen and is expressed and secreted by T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and a variety of tumor cell lines. Expression is induced by IFNG and inhibited by IL13. CCL7 is chemotactic for monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells and regulates protease secretion by macrophages which may contribute to metastasis of cancer cells. CCL7 is a ligand primarily for CCR2, but also for CCR1, CCR3, CCR10, and ACKR2 (D6).

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Rat CCL7 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It was first isolated from murine mast cells stimulated by IgE interacting with an antigen and is expressed and secreted by T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and a variety of tumor cell lines. Expression is induced by IFNG and inhibited by IL13. It is chemotactic for monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells and regulates protease secretion by macrophages which may contribute to metastasis of cancer cells. CCL7 also promotes neuritogenesis in midbrain dopamine neuron cultures. CCL7 is a ligand primarily for CCR2, as well as CCR1, CCR3, CCR10, and ACKR2 (D6).

CCL8 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed by peripheral blood leukocytes, as well as a variety of other cells. Expression of CCL8 is induced by IFNG, IFNB, IL1B, and various cytokine inducers such as viruses, endotoxins, and mitogens. It is chemotactic for monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and eosinophils and plays a role in tumor-associated leukocyte infiltration by recruiting leukocytes to sites of inflammation. CCL8 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3, CCR5, ACKR2, and ACKR4.

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Murine CCL8 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, the first two of which are adjacent. It is expressed by peripheral blood leukocytes, as well as a variety of other cells. Expression of CCL8 is induced by IFNG, IFNB, IL1B, and various cytokine inducers such as viruses, endotoxins, and mitogens. It is chemotactic for monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and eosinophils and plays a role in tumor-associated leukocyte infiltration by recruiting leukocytes to sites of inflammation. CCL8 also inhibits CCR5-mediated HIV-1 entry and replication. CCL8 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, ACKR2, and ACKR4.

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CCL9 is a chemokine containing six conserved cysteine residues that form three disulfide bonds essential for biological activity. It circulates in the blood of healthy animals and is expressed constitutively in macrophages and myeloid cell lines. CCL9 displays chemotaxis for neutrophils, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and Peyer’s patch dendritic cells. Upon injection of CCL9, fever and inflammation are induced. CCL9 plays a major role in osteoclastogenesis and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. It is a ligand for CCR1 and CCR3. Murine CCL9 has also been identified as murine CCL10 and is most homologous to Human CCL15.

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CX3CL1 is a chemokine that is unlike most chemokines because it contains the C-X-X-X-C motif. It is expressed by neurons, endothelial cells, follicular dendritic cells, and some lymphocytes. Expression of CX3CL1 is induced by activation of the transcription factor NFKB1 through IFNG, IL1B, TNF, or LPS. CX3CL1 is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes and plays a role in angiogenesis, as well as regulation of leukocyte traffic at the endothelium. It also functions as a survival factor for microglial cells. CX3CL1 is a ligand for CX3CR1 as well as virus-encoded receptors M3 and US28.

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Murine CX3CL1 is a chemokine that is unlike most chemokines because it contains the C-X-X-X-C motif. It is expressed by neurons, endothelial cells, follicular dendritic cells, and some lymphocytes. Expression of CX3CL1 is induced by activation of the transcription factor NFKB1 through IFNG, IL1B, TNF, or LPS. CX3CL1 is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes and plays a role in angiogenesis, as well as regulation of leukocyte traffic at the endothelium. It also functions as a survival factor for microglial cells. Knock-out mice lacking the CX3CL1 gene appear nearly indistinguishable from wild-type mice, except for a decrease in leukocytes expressing surface marker F4/80. CX3CL1 is a ligand for CX3CR1 as well as virus-encoded receptors M3 and US28.

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Rat CX3CL1 is a chemokine that is unlike most chemokines because it contains the C-X-X-X-C motif. It is expressed by neurons, endothelial cells, follicular dendritic cells, and some lymphocytes. Expression of CX3CL1 is induced by activation of the transcription factor NFKB1 through IFNG, IL1B, TNF, or LPS. CX3CL1 is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes and plays a role in angiogenesis, as well as regulation of leukocyte traffic at the endothelium. CX3CL1 expressed by neurons suppress microglia in order to protect neurons from damage caused by reactive molecules expressed by microglia. CX3CL1 is a ligand for CX3CR1 as well as virus-encoded receptors M3 and US28.

CXCL1 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by human melanoma cells and expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, keratinocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. CXCL1 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL1 binds. CXCL1 inhibits embryonic oligodendrocyte precursor migration, suggesting a role in spinal cord development. It also plays a role in would healing, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. CXCL1 is believed to be the major inflammatory factor in recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis.

Murine CXCL1 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. First discovered in mouse fibroblasts, it is secreted by melanoma cells and expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, keratinocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. CXCL1 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. CXCL1 inhibits embryonic oligodendrocyte precursor migration, suggesting a role in spinal cord development. It also plays a role in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. CXCL1 is believed to be the major inflammatory factor in recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL1 binds.

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Rat CXCL1 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. First discovered in mouse fibroblasts, it is secreted by melanoma cells and expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, keratinocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. CXCL1 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils during inflammation. CXCL1 inhibits embryonic oligodendrocyte precursor migration, suggesting a role in spinal cord development. It also plays a role in would healing, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. CXCL1 is believed to be the major inflammatory factor in recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL1 binds.