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Carbenicillin is a member of the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics. However, unlike most β-lactams, carbenicillin disodium is limited to primarily gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and common enteric species. It can be used in selection protocols and is often preferred over ampicillin due to its increased stability. This allows for less contamination of unwanted bacterial colonies. In addition, carbenicillin has been used to regulate bacterial growth in plants, yielding low regeneration frequencies. It can be used in genetic transformation applications to select for AmpR transformed cells.

GoldBio’s antibiotic solutions are provided ready to use.

The Carbenicillin (disodium) EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile carbenicillin (disodium) solution. The kit includes pre-weighed carbenicillin (disodium) powder, a sterile filter, and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H₂O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high quality GoldBio carbenicillin (disodium) and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media, or any number of uses.

Carbenicillin is a member of the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics. However, unlike most β-lactams, carbenicillin disodium is limited to primarily gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and common enteric species. It can be used in selection protocols and is often preferred over ampicillin due to its increased stability. This allows for less contamination of unwanted bacterial colonies. In addition, carbenicillin has been used to regulate bacterial growth in plants, yielding low regeneration frequencies. It can be used in genetic transformation applications to select for AmpR transformed cells.

Carboplatin is an alkylating agent that is used as a chelating agent as well as a chemotherapeutic compound for its antineoplastic effects. While the exact mechanism of antineoplastic activity is still not well understood, it is believed to behave similarly to cisplatin which binds DNA and prevents its transcription and replication.

Carboplatin is also believed to generate free radicals from the attached platinum atom. Despite the uncertainty with carboplatin’s mechanism, it has shown to be highly effective antineoplastic compound when paired with paclitaxel (GoldBio Catalog # P-925) and bevacizumab.

Carfilzomib is a second generation proteasome inhibitor that has been used in oncology research.Being a derivative of epoxomicin, carfilzomib has a tetrapeptide epoxyketone structure.

The anti-cancer activity of carfilzomib on proteasomes is attributed to irreversibly binding to a 20S subunit on proteasomes. Affinity of carfilzomib for the subunit has been shown to be fairly significant, allowing carfilzomib to be effective at targeting multiple myeloma and lymphoma.

Proteasomes degrade excess or damaged proteins in both the nucleus and cytosol by cleaving hydrophobic residue peptide bonds. When proteasomes are inhibited by carfilzomib, polyubiquinated proteins accumulate. Polyubiquinated proteins will upregulate p21 synthesis, which activates cell cycle arrest and eventually apoptosis.

Carfilzomib has also been shown to have poor solubility in aqueous solutions, but greater solubility in organic solvents such as DMSO. Aqueous solubility can be enhanced by diluting carfilzomib-organic solvent solution in aqueous buffers. Using aqueous carfilzomib in biological settings should be done in dilute concentrations to limit organic solvent presence. Because carfilzomib organic-aqueous solutions only have a shelf life of approximately 24 hours, it is recommended to make small portions for immediate use.

Caspofungin acetate is an echinocandin antifungal targeting the fungal cell membrane and inhibiting β(1,3)-D-Glucan synthase, a component necessary for cell wall synthesis. Caspofungin acetate is useful against Aspergillus and Candida species.

CCL11 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed in dermal fibroblasts. Expression of CCL11 is induced by IL1A and TNFA and inhibited by IFNG. It is strongly and selectively chemotactic for eosinophils and induces a calcium flux response in eosinophils; thus it is involved in a variety of eosinophilic inflammatory diseases. CCL11 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and ACKR2 (D6).

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CCL11 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed in fibroblasts, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and dendritic cells. Expression of CCL11 is upregulated by several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL1A and TNFA, and is inhibited by IFNG. It is strongly and selectively chemotactic for eosinophils and induces a calcium flux response in eosinophils. CCL11 is involved in a variety of eosinophilic inflammatory diseases. CCL11 is a ligand primarily for CCR3, but also CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and ACKR2 (D6).

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Rat CCL11 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed in fibroblasts, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and dendritic cells. Expression of CCL11 is upregulated by several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL1A and TNFA, and is inhibited by IFNG. CCL11 is strongly and selectively chemotactic and activating for eosinophils and is involved in a variety of eosinophilic inflammatory diseases. It also plays a role in angiogenesis and tumor growth. CCL11 is a ligand primarily for CCR3, but also CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and ACKR2 (D6).

CCL11 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, the first two of which are adjacent. It is expressed in dermal fibroblasts. Expression of CCL11 is induced by IL1A and TNFA and inhibited by IFNG. It is strongly and selectively chemotactic for eosinophils and induces a calcium flux response in eosinophils. CCL11 induces angiogenesis and endothelial cell sprouting from aortic rings in the absence of an eosinophil and has been implicated to be involved in a variety of eosinophilic inflammatory diseases. CCL11 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and ACKR2 (D6).

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CCL12 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed by macrophages and in lymph nodes and thymus tissue. Expression of CCL12 is upregulated after hypoxia and during bacterial infection and allergic inflammation. It is chemotactic for peripheral blood monocytes and fibrocytes and may play a critical role in the early stages of inflammation, as well as in joint and growth plate development. CCL12 is a ligand for CCR2.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL13 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed in epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Expression of CCL13 is induced by IL6 in primary synovial fibroblasts and activates the proliferation of rheumatoid synovial cells, contributing to the destruction of joints in rheumatoid arthritis. CCL13 is chemotactic for monocytes, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. It stimulates histamine release from basophils and is a biomarker for asthma. CCL13 is a ligand for CCR2B, CCR3, and the viroceptor M3.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL14 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed in plasma at high levels, and in spleen, liver, muscle, gut, and bone marrow tissue at lower levels. CCL14 causes a change in intracellular calcium levels and enzyme release in monocytes. It also enhances proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells that express CD34. CCL14 is a ligand for CCR1. This recombinant protein is N-terminally truncated CCL14 [9-74]. This natural variant causes a change in intracellular calcium levels in and is chemotactic for T-cells, monocytes, and eosinophils. It also inhibits HIV-1 isolates and is a ligand for CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL14 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, of which the first two are adjacent. It is expressed in plasma at high levels, and in spleen, liver, muscle, gut, and bone marrow tissue at lower levels. CCL14 causes a change in intracellular calcium levels and enzyme release in monocytes. It also enhances proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells that express CD34. CCL14 is a ligand for CCR1. This recombinant protein is N-terminally truncated CCL14 [3-74].

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL15 is a chemokine containing six conserved cysteine residues that form three disulfide bonds essential for biological activity. It is often proteolytically processed in to smaller chains that are more potent as chemoattractants. CCL15 is expressed in liver, intestine, colon, and lung tissue. It is chemotactic for monocytes, T-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. CCL15 causes a change in intracellular calcium levels and a release of enzymes in monocytes. It is a ligand for CCR1, as well as CCR3 to an extent. This recombinant protein is N-terminally truncated CCL15 (25-92) and is 100-fold more potent as a chemoattractant than the non-truncated form. CCL15 (25-92) also plays a role in mediating angiogenesis.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL15 is a chemokine containing six conserved cysteine residues that form three disulfide bonds essential for biological activity. It is often proteolytically processed in to smaller chains that are more potent as chemoattractants. CCL15 is expressed in liver, intestine, colon, and lung tissue. It is chemotactic for monocytes, T-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. CCL15 causes a change in intracellular calcium levels and a release of enzymes in monocytes. It is a ligand for CCR1, as well as CCR3 to an extent. CCL15 is most similar in sequence to CCL23.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL16 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, two of which are adjacent. It is expressed at highest levels in liver tissue and monocytes, and at lower levels in spleen, thymus, and some lymphocytes. Expression of CCL16 is induced by IFNG, LPS, and IL10. It is chemotactic for peripheral blood mononuclear cells, induces a change in intracellular calcium levels of monocytes, and inhibits proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. It is a weak ligand for CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR8, and histamine receptor H4.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL17 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, two of which are adjacent. It is expressed constitutively in the thymus and lymph nodes and transiently in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that have been induced by phytogemagglutinin. It is chemotactic for T-cells and plays a role in T-cell development, trafficking, and activation. CCL17 is a ligand for CCR4, CCR8, and the erythrocyte receptor ACKR1.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CCL17 is a chemokine containing four conserved cysteine residues, two of which are adjacent. It is expressed constitutively in the thymus and lymph nodes and transiently in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that have been induced by phytogemagglutinin. It is chemotactic for T-cells and plays a role in T-cell development trafficking, and activation. CCL17 promotes atherosclerosis by restricting the maintenance of regulatory T-cells, thereby limiting their expansion. It is a ligand for CCR4, CCR8, and the erythrocyte receptor ACKR1.