Anti-Fungal

5-Fluorocytosine is a fluorinated cytosine analog and antifungal agent. 5-fluorocytosine becomes 5-fluorouracil and is then incorporated into RNA, causing miscoding and inhibition of DNA synthesis. It is effective against Candida and Cryptococcus species and can be used as a negative selection agent in transgenic plants.

Ampho99 is the purest form of amphotericin B available and should be used for the most sensitive applications. In general, GoldBio’s USP Grade amphotericin B will not adversely affect your cells and is suitable for most experiments.

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal isolated from Streptomyces species. While it has been suggested that Amphotericin B interacts with ergosterol of the fungal cell membrane leading to an altered cell membrane permeability and death, more recent studies show that the mechanism behind amphotericin B’s fungicidal activity is more complex. It is most effective against fungi and yeast and is often used against opportunistic fungal infections and leishmaniasis. Additionally, amphotericin B can be used to prevent growth of F. oxysporum in chickpea and P. triticina in wheat. It is soluble in acidic and basic conditions.

Solubilized amphotericin B is a mixture of 45% amphotericin B, 37% sodium deoxycholate, and 18% phosphate buffer.

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal isolated from Streptomyces species. While it has been suggested that Amphotericin B interacts with ergosterol of the fungal cell membrane leading to an altered cell membrane permeability and death, more recent studies show that the mechanism behind amphotericin B’s fungicidal activity is more complex. It is most effective against fungi and yeast and is often used against opportunistic fungal infections and leishmaniasis. Additionally, amphotericin B can be used to prevent growth of F. oxysporum in chickpea and P. triticina in wheat.

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal isolated from Streptomyces species. While it has been suggested that Amphotericin B interacts with ergosterol of the fungal cell membrane leading to an altered cell membrane permeability and death, more recent studies show that the mechanism behind amphotericin B’s fungicidal activity is more complex. It is most effective against fungi and yeast and is often used against opportunistic fungal infections and leishmaniasis. Additionally, amphotericin B can be used to prevent growth of F. oxysporum in chickpea and P. triticina in wheat.

Anisomycin is an antifungal produced by Streptomyces griseolus. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis in certain eukaryotic cells. Anisomycin inhibits peptidyl transferase activity in the 60s subunit of the 80s ribosome.

Anisomycin has been shown to promote apoptosis in promyelocytic leukemia cells, Jurkat cells, ventricular monocytes, and colon adenocarcinoma cells. Additionally, anisomycin is a JNK agonist and activates MAP kinases. It is a useful antiprotozoal agent.

Caspofungin acetate is an echinocandin antifungal targeting the fungal cell membrane and inhibiting β(1,3)-D-Glucan synthase, a component necessary for cell wall synthesis. Caspofungin acetate is useful against Aspergillus and Candida species.

Cecropin P1, porcine is a 31 amino acid antibacterial protein that can be isolated from pigs. Cecropin P1 is used as an antibacterial, antifungal and anti-cancer compound. The wide ranging effects of cecropin P1 are properties of its amphipathic N-terminal, lipophilic C-terminal and alpha helical structure. With these structural characteristics, cecropin P1 can bind to the membranes of pathogens and cancerous cells. Cecropin P1 then is inserted into the membrane of the respective cell and disrupts lipid bilayer cohesion, causing rapid membrane degradation and cell lysis.

Cetylpyridinium chloride is a cationic quaternary ammonium compound that has been used to eliminate oral pathogens. It has shown a high degree of efficacy towards gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and some pathogenic fungi.

Cetylpyridinium chloride functions as a surfactant, reducing the surface tension between pathogenic membranes and their environments. Greater interaction between the membrane and environment disrupts the cell membrane and osmoregulation. Compromising the membrane ultimately results in cell death.

Chlorhexidine is a cationic polybisbiguanide used as a detergent as well as a bactericidal, anti-viral and antifungal agent. It has been used against an array of oral pathogens, with a high effectiveness toward gram-negative bacteria.

Chlorhexidine, when placed into physiological pH, dissociates into its cationic form and binds to the negatively charged bacterial wall. This binding will cause cytosolic leakage at low concentrations and lytic effects at high chlorohexidine concentrations. However, chlorhexidine activity can be halted upon interaction with anionic compounds.

Chlorhexidine diacetate salt is a diacetate derivative of a cationic polybisbiguanide that has bactericidal, anti-fungal and anti-viral activity. It has also been used for in vivo pharmacokinetic research to investigate drug release rates.

Chlorhexidine, when placed into physiological pH, dissociates into its cationic form and binds to the negatively charged bacterial wall. This binding will cause cytosolic leakage at low concentrations and lytic effects at high chlorohexidine concentrations. However, chlorhexidine activity can be halted upon interaction with anionic compounds.

Chlorhexidine HCl is the cationic salt form of chlorhexidine, a bactericidal detergent. Chlorhexidine HCl has strong bactericidal activity and is used for in vitro bactericidal assays as a positive control.

The compound functions as a bactericidal agent by interacting with the negatively charged bacterial cell wall. Contact of the cationic salt with the cell wall causes cytosolic leakage at low chlorohexidine HCl concentrations and cell lysis at higher concentrations. Duration of antibacterial effects has been shown to be enhanced by incorporating chlorhexidine HCl into human albumin microspheres. This lengthened antibacterial activity against Escheria coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Clotrimazole is an antifungal that targets the cell membrane of a variety of fungi including Candida and Aspergillus. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol causing an increase in cell membrane permeability. Additionally, clotrimazole is an activator of MB67 and inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP51A1.

Cyclohex99 is the most pure form of cycloheximide available. It is over 98% pure and all toxic isomers have been removed. Cyclohex99 should be used for the most sensitive applications as it is free of impurities. In general, GoldBio’s Molecular Grade cycloheximide is suitable for most experiments.

Cycloheximide is a protein synthesis inhibitor in eukaryotic cells. It prevents ribosomal mRNA translocation during protein translation. Cycloheximide can be used to study cellular processes and inhibit yeast growth. It has also been used to determine half-life of a protein using western blotting techniques of protein cell lysate. Additionally, it has been used to select for CHX-resistant strains of yeast and fungi. It also displays neuroprotective properties.

Cycloheximide is a protein synthesis inhibitor in eukaryotic cells. It prevents ribosomal mRNA translocation during protein translation. Cycloheximide has a variety of applications. It can be used to study cellular processes and to determine the half-life of a protein using western blotting techniques of protein cell lysate. It has been used to select for CHX-resistant strains of yeast and fungi. It also displays neuroprotective properties. Additionally, Cycloheximide has been used to inhibit yeast growth at concentrations of 200μM. It has been used to promote production of ethylene in leaves and fruit.

Cycloheximide is reserved for in vitro applications due to its high toxicity.

Dequalinium chloride is a quinolinium ion composed of symmetrical quaternary quinolinium units, one 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group on each end of the molecule in place of a methyl hydrogen. It is a quaternary ammonium cation and forms an organic chloride salt. Its biological roles include antifungal agent and inhibitor of mitochondrial NADH ubiquione reductase. Medically, dequalinium chloride is the active ingredient of pharmaceuticals against bacterial infections and malaria; it has been applied as an antifungal, antinematadol and antiseptic drug.

Econazole Nitrate is a broad-spectrum antimycotic imidazole antifungal targeting the cell membrane of fungi. It increases cell permeability via ergosterol synthesis inhibition. It is useful against fungi that cause Tinea especially Trichophyton and Microsporum species. It can be used to study platelet serotonin uptake and the synthesis of prostanoids.

Fluconazole is a fungistatic triazole antifungal targeting ergosterol synthesis leading to increased permeability of the fungal cell membrane. It is effective against Candida species, Cryptococcus species, neoformans, and dermatophytes. Fluconazole has been shown to down-regulate the metallothionein gene and inhibit CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4.

Griseofulvin is a fungistatic antifungal that targets microtubules. Isolated from Penicillium griseofulvum, Griseofulvin binds tubulin and interferes with mitosis and nucleic acid synthesis. It is effective against fungi causing tinea such as Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. It has also been shown to promote apoptosis in in vitro studies of human tumor cell lines.

Irgasan (triclosan) is a broad-spectrum antifungal and antibiotic. It is often used as a supplement to cell culture media in Pseudomonas and Yersinia isolation agars to prevent bacterial contamination. It is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in ethanol and methanol.

Irgasan binds the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase and forms a complex. Consequently, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) binds and prevents the enoyl-ACP complex from participating in the fatty acid synthesis cycle, suppressing bacterial cell growth.

Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal agent used to increase fungal cell membrane permeability by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, ultimately leading to fungal cell death. Itraconazole is effective against Blastomyces, Histoplasma, and Aspergillus species. It is used to study Candida infections in mice and to study proliferative changes in diabetic rats. Additionally, itraconazole is a hedgehog signaling inhibitor and CYP3A4 inhibitor.